Mengenali Bentuk Kata Benda Abstrak

Kata benda nyata, seperti table, teacher mudah dikenali  dan bila berhubungan dengan kata sifat, maka posisinya, kata sifat dulu, baru kata benda (adj + noun). Contoh:  smart worker, hard worker, dsb. Akan tetapi bagaimana  mengenali kata benda yang abstrak (tdk dpt disentuh), seperti: penjelasan (explaination), pencapaian (achivement) dsb. Bila dalam bahasa Indonesia mempunyai ciri  pe …..an, ke ………...an sedangkan dalam bahasa Inggris mempunyai cirri yang berakhiran dengan:

____ ment         develop (v) menjadi development (noun)                       

achieve (v) menjadi achievement (noun)

                                    agree (v) menjadi agreement (noun)

____ ship          leader (noun) menjadi leadership (noun)

                        member (noun) menjadi membership (noun)

____ nce           accept (v) menjadi acceptance (penerimaan)

                                    confident (adj.) menjadi confidence (noun) keyakinan

____ty/ y           difficult (adj) menjadi difficulty (kesulitan)

                                    deliver (v) menjadi delivery (noun)

____ion decide (v) menjadi decision (n)

                                    explain (V) menjadi explaination (n)

____ness           good (adj) menjadi goodness (n)

                                    careless (adj) menjadi carelessness (n) kesembronoan

jadi,akhiran tersebut di atas mempunyai padanan dalam bahasa  Indonesia PE ….AN, KE….AN lalu bagaimana aplikasinya dalam kalimat? Meskipun kata-kata yang berakhiran dengan ion, ty dsb merupakan kata benda, tetapi tidak bisa dipasangkan dengan subjek: I, You, We, They, She, dan He seperti ‘I am development’ jika diterjemahkan ‘saya pengembangan” meskipun penulisannya sudah sesuai dengan aturan bahwa kalau subjek ketemu dengan kata benda, maka antara subjek dan kata benda tersebut perlu kata kerja bantu, namun untuk kata benda abstrak tidak bisa. Contoh lain “ she is decision”, ‘dia keputusan’ seharusnya kalimat itu “ I decide” atau ‘My decision”. Jadi kata benda abstrak tersebut bisa mengikuti : My, Our, His, Her, Their, Its. Contoh, My sales achiemeny is exceed the target. Kemudian, bila kata benda abstrak ketemu dengan kata benda, maka gunakan penghubung of. Contoh, “The development of our marketing strategy tend to achieve its perfection”. “The letter of agreement has been signed”. Letter (noun), agreement (noun).

Mengenali bentuk kata sifat

Setelah mengetahui kata benda, maka harus mengetahui kata sifat, sehingga bisa dipadukan antara kata sifat dengan kata benda yang mana posisinya adjective + noun. Kata sifat yang selama ini dikenal  seperti: lazy, clever dsb. Lalu apa ciri-ciri kata sifat itu? Ciri-ciri kata sifat berakhiran dengan:

_____ al            technology (n) -------technological (adj)

                                    practice (n)-----------practical (adj)

_____ ent          differ (v)---------           -different(adj) perbedaan

                                    confident (adj) yakin

_____ ive          act (v)--------- active (adj)

                        produce (v)---- productive (adj)

____ able          negotiate (v)-----negotiable (adj) able (dapat di), un….able (tdk dpt di)

                                    accept (v)--------- unacceptable (adj) tdk dpt diterima

____ less          care (v)----------- careless (adj) tdk peduli (sembrono)

hope (v)----------hopeless(adj) akhiran less berarti ‘tdk’.(putus asa)

____ ful            care (v)--------careful (adj)

           

jadi, kata yang berakhiran ent, ive dsb merupakan kata sifat. Sekarang kita kombinasikan antara kata sifat dengan kata benda di atas. Contoh “perkembangan tekology sering digambarkan sebagai revolusi teknolgi”, “Technological development is often described as tecnological revolusion. Tecnological merupakan kata sifat yang berakhiran denan al, sedangakan development kata benda dengan ciri berakhiran ment, maka posisinya adj+noun. Coba terjemahkan kalimat ini, “sebagai seorang sales yang aktif, dia selalu mempunyai banyak aktivitas, jika tidak, dia akan putus asa dan akhirnya akan mengambil tindakan yang sembrono” langkah pertama yang dilakukan, identifkasi dulu kata benda dan kata sifat dulu, missal active (adj), action (n), careless (adj), hopeless (adj). Setelah itu padukan kata sifat dengan kata benda (posisi kata sifat mendahului kata benda). Jadi kalimat tersebut  “As an active sales man, he always has many activities, if not, he will be hopeless and finally, he will careless action”.  

Untuk lebih lanjut lihat contoh di bawah ini yang sudah sediakan kata asal sebelumnya, lalu kata pokok itu mengalami perubahan. Seperti no. 1 kata pokoknya ‘employ’ merupakan kata kerja yang berarti ‘memperkerjakan’ dan anda lihat perubahannya dalam kalimat berikutnya.

1.      EMPLOY

In an area of high unemployment people are desperate to find jobs.

Every employee of  the firm is entitled to 10% discount.

Her employer gets very angry if she uses the phone too much.

I am  looking for temporary employment during the summer holidays.

2.      ENGAGE menggunakan

The line is engaged so I’ll have to try again later.

Cancel all my engagement for the rest of the day, please.

3.      EXPENSE biaya

It’s expensive to send the goods by air but they’re needed urgently.

They offered her Rp. 100.000 plus expenses

Unfortunately expenditure on the project was much more than expected.

His expense claims are being looked at by the Chief Account.

4.      EXPLAIN menjelaskan

If you read the explanatory .leaflet, everything should be clear.

We’re waiting for an explanation of his behavior in the meeting.

Untuk no 5 dan seterusnya, anda lihat jawabanya di bawah

5.      EXTEND memperpanjang

We have decided to agree to their request for …………. credit.

Could I speak to Miss. Maska, please? I think  it’s  …….. 004

The factory was ………….. damaged  in the fire.

To some ……. I agree with her conclusions.

6.      FINANCE membiayai (verb), keuangan (noun)

Her …………….. adviser is convinced the project will be a success.

If the company is ………….. sound we might consider taking it over.

7.      GROW tumbuh, bertambah

There is a ………… awareness  of the need to improve productivity.

The government is worried  about the  ……….. in public expenditure. 

8.      IMPRESS kesan (noun), mengesankan (verb)

It’s important to create a good  ……….. when meeting clients.

The results from our new French subsidiary are very ….

I’m afraid she was ……….. by our presentation.

9.      INDUSTRY

In this high-tech world ………….. espionage is on the increase.

Mr. Fred, a prominent ……… will head the committee of inquiry.

In some of the more ………… countries pollution is a big problem.

10.  INFLATE membumbung

I’ve no intention  of paying such …………… prices!

At the moment ……….. in running at 20%

The government must take steps to halt the ………… spiral.

             11. INFORM

Please let me know if you need any more …………

I enjoyed  her talk. It was very ……………

I’m afraid you’ve been  …………….. She no longer works for us.

12.  INSTRUCT

The boss has left  … that  she’s not to be distributed.

I can’t make head nor tail of this ………… manual1

13.  NTRODUCE

The chairman made some ……….. remarks and then she gave her talk.

I’d like to welcome Jane, who I am sure , needs no ………

14.  INVEST

These shares have given me a good return on my …..

Small ………… were advised to hold on to their shares.

15.  KNOW

We need somebody with a good working ………… of French.

Our company is virtually ………….. abroad.

She’s obviously very …………….. as far as marketing is concerned.

16.  LEGAL

It’s ………….to sell such  goods without a proper permit.

They questioned the ……….. of the company’s action.

Kunci jawaban no. 1-16

1.      Unemployment, employee, employer, employment

2.      Engaged, engagements

3.      Expensive, expenses, expenditure, expense

4.      Explanatory, explanation

5.      Extended, extension, extensively, extent

6.      Financial, financially

7.      Growing, growth

8.      Impression, impressive, unimpressed

9.      Industrial, industrialist, industrialised/zed

10.  Inflated, inflation, inflationary

11.  Information, informative, misinformed

12.  Instructions, instruction

13.  Introductory, introduction

14.  Investment, investor

15.  Knowledge, unknown, knowledgeable

16.  Illegal, legality

17.    Accept menerima

I am sorry, but this arrangement is totally  ………………….to. us.

I' ve just received their letter of ………………..so we can go a 

head.

18.    Act bertindak

The unions have threatened to take industrial …………

It' s been very  ………………………..  day on the stock exchange.

The R&D departement  seems full of …………….. at the moment.

19.    Add menambah

We will be bringing out several ……………….. to our product line.

There is an ……  bonus if I exceed my sales target  by more than 10%.

20.    Analyze menganalisa

We will need a detailed cost ……before giving final approval.

Most ………………………….think we're in for a difficult time.

21.    Apply mengaplikasikan

Unfortunately we can't interview every …………………………….

I sent my letter of ……………….and they phoned me the next day.

The regulations are not ……………………..when there are fewer than 10 employees.

22.    Assist

We will need some financial ……………………………..to enable us to buy more stock.

He was in a meeting so I spoke to the ……..  ………..manager.

23.    Attract menarik

One of the ……………….of the offer is the free training course.

They were offering  a very …salary so of course I was interested.

24.    Commerce perniagaan

There are so many …………………vehicles on the road these days!

I am afraid  the scheme is not  …………….viable.

As well as newspaper advertising, we plan a series of TV ………….

25.     Connect

My …………….flight didn't leave until 10 o'clock.

We sent them letter in …………..  with their offer of an agency.

She has some useful ……………….. in the hotel trade.

26.     Contract

The …………….has told me the office will be ready by next          month.

We are …..obliged to provide adequate security for the shipment.

27.     Direct

I enclose a map and ………………to help you to find our office.

The board of …….will make the final decision about the scheme.

I found the company by looking in the local trade ………………

I always deal ………………with the manufacturer.

There has been another ….from head office about photocopying.

28.     Decide

He will never make a good manager. He is so …………..

A ……………on the factory is expected soon.

29.     Differ membedakan

Installing air conditioning has made all the ……………..

We have decided to try a …………….supplier his time.

We will have to agree to …….I still think it would be better to go  by road.

30.     Distribute

He's the sole ………..in this area, so we're forced to buy from him.

The increase in petrol prices will push up our ………………costs.

31.     Economy

We must ………………….on electricity, so switch off those lights.

All those wonderful …haven't found a solution to your problems.

Kunci jawaban no.17-31

Unacceptable (adj)

Acceptance (n) penerimaan

Action (n)

Active (adj)

Activity (n) aktivitas

Additions (n) penjumlahan

Additional (adj) tambahan

Analysis (n) analisa

Analyst (n) analis

Applicant (n) pelamar

Application (n) lamaran

Applicable (adj) dapat dipakai

Assistance (n) bantuan

Assistant (n) pembantu

Attractions (n)pertunjukkan.acara

Attractive (adj) menarik

Commercial (n) iklan

Commercially (kk)

Commercialised (kki) menglomersilkan

commercials

connecting (n)

connection (n) in c with berkenaan dengan

connections

contractor (n)

contractually (kk)dengan perjanjian

directions (n) petunjuk

directors (n)

directory (n) petunjuk

directly (kk) secara langsung

directive (n) intruksi

indesicisive (adj)bimbang

decision (n) keputusan

difference (n) perbedaan

different (adj) berbeda

differ (v) membedakan

distributor (n) penyalur

distribution (n) penyaluran

economise (kki) berhemat, menghemat

economist (n) ahli ekonomi